None of the line items that are included in the following outline are meant to be links.
The outline itself represents the material that is to be covered in the upcoming book known by the above title (available after June 2032).

Foreword by Jason Hamilton

1. Introduction to The History: Cornwall, Wales, and France (Saxons, Romans, Picts, Scots, and The Irish)
2. Chronologies, Timelines, Calendars, and Timekeeping
1. Introduction to Chronologies, Timelines, Calendars, and Timekeeping
1. The study of history
1. — and above all, of deep history —
2. is inseparable from the study of how time has been measured
2. Before any sequence of events may be established,
before any cause may be said to precede any effect,
1. and before any civilisation may be said to have risen or fallen,
2. a framework of temporal reckoning must already be in place
3. Yet this seemingly self-evident prerequisite conceals a profound complexity,
for there has never been a single, universal system by which human beings have
1. counted years,
2. marked epochs,
3. or anchored the present moment to the distant past
4. Every civilisation has devised its own apparatus for the measurement of time,
1. and each of those apparatuses encodes,
2. whether explicitly or implicitly,
3. a cosmological vision:
1. a conception of what time is,
2. of where it began,
3. and of where, if anywhere, it is going
5. Distinction between a chronology, a timeline, a calendar, and a system of timekeeping is not merely terminological
1. These are four genuinely distinct intellectual endeavours,
1. related but not identical,
2. and the conflation of one with another has been responsible
3. for a great deal of confusion in the historiography of the ancient world
2. Chronology is an ordering of events in temporal sequence
1. It makes no necessary commitment to absolute dating
2. — that is, to the assignment of specific numerical years to specific events
3. Ancient annals, king-lists, and genealogies are chronological instruments in this sense:
• they establish that one reign followed another,
• that one dynasty succeeded a preceding one,
• without invariably specifying how many solar years elapsed between them
4. The Sumerian King List, the Turin Royal Canon, and the Irish Lebor Gabála Érenn are all, at their core, chronological documents
• — sequences of succession and event —
• even when the regnal years they assign appear, to modern eyes, fantastical
3. Timeline, by contrast, attempts to anchor chronological sequences to an absolute framework
1. — typically, to a fixed point of origin,
• whether that origin be the creation of the world,
• the founding of a city,
• the birth of a prophet,
• or the commencement of a calendrical cycle
2. The Roman reckoning ab urbe condita (from the founding of the city),
• the Hebrew Anno Mundi,
• the Christian Anno Domini,
• the Islamic Anno Hegirae,
• and the various Hindu yugas
• are all attempts to provide such an absolute anchor
3. The difficulty is immediately apparent:
• these anchor-points are themselves matters of
• tradition,
• interpretation,
• and sometimes calculation
• — not of empirical verification
4. When the present work sets different ancient timelines in comparison with one another,
• it does so in full awareness that each is coherent on its own terms
• and that the act of synchronisation is itself an act of interpretation
4. Calendar is a practical system for the organisation of time into named and numbered units
1. — days, months, years, and larger cycles —
• so as to permit the coordination of
• agricultural,
• liturgical,
• political,
• and social life
2. The history of calendrical systems is of extraordinary antiquity and complexity
• The Mesopotamian lunisolar calendar,
• the Egyptian civil calendar of 365 days,
• the Julian and Gregorian solar calendars,
• the Hindu Panchanga,
• the Mayan Haab’
• and Tzolk’in,
• the “Celtic” Coligny calendar,
• and the Chinese sexagenary cycle
• represent only the most prominent examples of a global phenomenon:
• the human compulsion to impose intelligible structure
• upon the otherwise undifferentiated flow of time
3. Crucially, every calendar reflects a cosmological commitment
4. A calendar that begins its year at the winter solstice encodes a solar theology
5. A calendar that is governed by the phases of the moon encodes a lunar one
6. A calendar that is organised
• around the heliacal rising of Sirius,
• as the Egyptian civil calendar was,
• encodes an astronomical relationship of profound religious significance
7. The choice of calendar is never merely administrative; it is always also confessional
5. Timekeeping, finally, refers to the instrumentation and methodology
1. by which the passage of time is detected and recorded at a granular level
2. — from the shadow of a gnomon upon a sundial to the oscillations of an atomic clock
3. In the context of deep history,
• this category encompasses the evidence provided by astronomical observation:
• the precession of the equinoxes,
• the cyclical return of comets,the recording of solar and lunar eclipses,
• and the slow drift of stellar configurations across the sky
4. These astronomical phenomena constitute a form of timekeeping that is,
• in principle, recoverable across enormous spans of time,
• and it is precisely this recoverability that makes them so valuable to researchers
• who seek to correlate ancient mythological and calendrical traditions with datable astronomical events
5. Where an ancient text records a specific planetary alignment,
• a solar eclipse,
• or the rising of a particular star at a particular season,
• modern computational astronomy can, in principle,
• assign an absolute date to that record
6. It is with all four of these dimensions in mind
1. — chronology, timeline, calendar, and timekeeping —
2. that the present work approaches the ancient sources
3. No single tradition is privileged as the sole custodian of accurate temporal reckoning
1. The Sumerian king-lists,
2. the Hindu yugas,
3. the Egyptian Sothic cycles,
4. the Aztec Suns,
5. and the Zoroastrian cosmic calendar
6. are all interrogated as serious historical witnesses,
• each internally consistent,
• and each capable,
• when placed alongside the others,
• of yielding insights that no single tradition could provide alone
4. Where they converge, that convergence is treated as significant
5. Where they diverge, the divergence itself becomes a datum requiring explanation
7. The chapters that follow are not, therefore,
1. a simple narrative of British and Arthurian prehistory
2. arranged upon a conventional timeline
3. They are, rather, an exercise in comparative chronology
4. — an attempt to triangulate, across multiple ancient systems of temporal reckoning,
5. the deep-time context within which the sovereignty lineage of Logres must ultimately be situated
2. The “idea of a so-called ice age, with enormous glaciers covering vast areas of the northern hemisphere,
   has conclusively and repeatedly been shown to be erroneous by numerous scientific studies
   in the fields of geology, paleontology, biology, zoology, climatology, anthropology, and mythology.”
1. This statement is not offered as a provocation for its own sake,
1. nor as a dismissal of the genuine scientific labour
2. that has been devoted to the study of Quaternary climate
2. It is, rather,
1. a considered methodological position,
2. the implications of which ramify throughout the entirety
3. of the chronological framework presented in this work
3. To understand why this claim is made,
1. and what it demands of the reader,
2. it is necessary to examine both the history of the glaciation hypothesis itself
3. and the nature of the evidence that has been advanced against it
4. History of the Glaciation Hypothesis
1. The idea that vast continental ice sheets once covered much of the northern hemisphere
1. was first systematically proposed in the early nineteenth century,
2. most influentially by the Swiss naturalist Louis Agassiz,
3. who in 1837 presented to the Helvetic Natural History Society his theory of a global Eiszeit
4. — an ice age —
5. in which glaciers had extended far beyond their present limits across Europe and North America
2. Agassiz’s theory was initially controversial,
1. and it was not without vigorous opposition from his contemporaries,
2. including some of the most eminent geologists of the day
3. Over the course of the following decades, however,
1. it achieved the status of scientific orthodoxy,
2. and by the late nineteenth century the existence of multiple Pleistocene glaciations
3. was treated as an established fact
4. upon which the reconstruction of prehistoric human and animal life was to be based
4. It is important to note that this consensus was formed primarily upon the basis of geomorphological evidence
1. — the interpretation of landscape features such as
• drumlins,
• moraines,
• erratic boulders,
• striated bedrock,
• and U-shaped valleys
• as products of glacial action
2. These interpretations were made in the absence of many of the analytical tools that later became available:
• isotopic dating methods,
• deep-sea core analysis,
• ice-core chemistry,
• palynological reconstruction of past vegetation,
• and computational climate modelling
5. The glaciation hypothesis, in other words,
1. was constructed upon a narrower evidential foundation than is sometimes appreciated,
2. and it was subsequently extended and elaborated
3. — often quite uncritically —
4. as successive generations of researchers worked within its assumptions
5. rather than subjecting those assumptions to radical re-examination
5. Nature of the Counter-Evidence
1. The fields invoked in the statement above are not chosen arbitrarily
1. Each has produced bodies of evidence that sit uneasily with the conventional glaciation model,
2. and in some cases directly contradict specific claims made within it
2. Geology has produced evidence of temperate and even subtropical conditions at latitudes that the standard model assigns to deep glacial coverage
1. The presence of ancient shorelines,
• river systems,
• and weathering patterns inconsistent with prolonged glaciation
• has been noted by a number of researchers working outside the mainstream consensus
2. The interpretation of certain landscape features as glacial in origin has been contested,
• with alternative mechanisms
• — including catastrophic flooding, tectonic activity, and cometary or meteoritic impact —
• proposed as explanations for the same phenomena
3. Palæontology has long grappled with the so-called Pleistocene megafaunal extinction event,
1. in which the mammoth,
• the woolly rhinoceros,
• the cave bear,
• the giant deer,
• and numerous other large animals
• disappeared from the northern hemisphere
2. The conventional account attributes these extinctions to a combination of climate change
• (the ending of the last glacial maximum)
• and human hunting pressure
3. However,
• the pattern of extinction is geographically and temporally uneven
• in ways that are difficult to reconcile with a straightforward glacial-retreat model,
• and a growing body of palæontological opinion has moved towards catastrophist explanations
• — most notably, cometary or meteoritic impact events —
• as the primary cause
4. Biology and zoölogy together contribute the evidence of biogeographical distribution:
1. the fact that many species,
2. including species requiring temperate or warm conditions,
3. were present at northern latitudes during periods that the glaciation model assigns to conditions of extreme cold
• The survival and indeed the flourishing of diverse flora and fauna
• in regions supposedly covered by kilometres of ice presents a persistent anomaly
• The concept of glacial refugia
• — small pockets of ice-free terrain in which species survived the glacial maximum —
• has been invoked to explain these anomalies,
• but critics have argued that such refugia, as conventionally defined,
• are neither large enough nor biologically plausible enough
• to account for the diversity of life demonstrably present in northern regions
5. Climatology, particularly in its more recent computational and palæoclimatological forms,
1. has produced increasingly nuanced models of past climate
• that do not always align straightforwardly with the crude picture of vast,
• monolithic ice sheets advancing and retreating across continents
2. The relationship between
• atmospheric carbon dioxide,
• solar output,
• orbital parameters (the Milankovitch cycles),
• ocean circulation,
• and terrestrial albedo is now understood to be extraordinarily complex,
• and some researchers have argued that
• the standard glaciation narrative oversimplifies this complexity
• in ways that distort our understanding of prehistoric climate
6. Anthropology contributes evidence that is perhaps the most directly challenging to the conventional model:
1. the demonstrable presence of anatomically modern human beings,
• and indeed of complex cultural behaviour,
• at dates and locations that the glaciation hypothesis renders effectively uninhabitable
2. The evidence for human occupation of northern Eurasia at the height of the supposed last glacial maximum,
• the sophistication of Upper Palæolithic art and technology,
• and the geographical range of early human dispersal
• all suggest conditions rather less inimical to human life than the standard model implies
7. Mythology, finally, is accorded in this work a status that orthodox historiography withholds from it:
1. the status of evidence
2. The mythological traditions of peoples across the globe
• — from the Vedic literature of the Indian subcontinent to the Norse Eddas,
• from the Aztec accounts of the successive Suns to the Welsh traditions preserved in the Mabinogion and the Triads —
• contain accounts of catastrophic events:
• of fire from the sky,
• of great floods,
• of prolonged darkness,
• of the sudden disappearance of entire peoples and ways of life
3. These accounts do not, in their overwhelming majority, describe the slow, gradual advance of glaciers
4. They describe
• sudden,
• violent,
• cosmically-scaled disruptions
• — events consistent with cometary or meteoritic impact,
• with massive volcanic eruptions,
• or with rapid geomagnetic and geophysical upheaval
5. The mythological record,
• treated as a repository of genuine historical memory rather than as mere metaphor or priestly invention,
• aligns rather more naturally with catastrophist models of prehistoric disruption than with the gradualist glaciation hypothesis
6. Chronological Consequence
1. The significance of this position for the present work is immediate and fundamental
2. If the conventional glaciation model is accepted, then the chronological framework of human prehistory is anchored to a set of dates
1. — the last glacial maximum circa 20,000 BC,
2. the Younger Dryas circa 10,900–9,700 BC,
3. the Holocene transition circa 9,700 BC —
3. which themselves constrain what kinds of human civilisation are deemed possible before those dates
4. A world covered by enormous ice sheets is, by definition, a world in which
1. large-scale,
2. complex,
3. organised human society
4. in the northern hemisphere
5. is impossible
5. If, however, the glaciation model is questioned
1. — if the northern hemisphere was not, in fact, covered by kilometre-deep ice sheets for tens of thousands of years,
2. but was rather subjected to a series of sudden, catastrophic disruptions of shorter duration and more local extent —
3. then the chronological space available for prehistoric human culture,
4. including the deep-time sovereignty lineages traced in the chapters that follow,
5. expands dramatically
6. The ancient calendrical traditions,
1. which assign dates to civilisational origins measured in hundreds of thousands or millions of years,
2. are no longer automatically rendered absurd by reference to a world supposedly uninhabitable by complex human society
7. They become, instead, testimonies to a past whose depth and complexity the conventional model has systematically obscured
8. It is in this light that the statement must be read:
1. not as anti-scientific polemic,
2. but as the clearing of chronological ground
3. — the removal of a methodological obstruction that has, for nearly two centuries,
4. prevented the ancient sources from being heard on their own terms
3. Grand Chronology [*speculative]
1. Introduction to Grand Chronology
2. Deep Origins of Logres: Lineage through Deep Time
1. Purpose and Scope of Deep Origins of Logres: Lineage through Deep Time
1. Establish Logres as a Sovereignty‑Lineage, not merely an Historical Kingdom
2. Situate Britain within Global Deep‑Time Chronology
3. Trace Ancestry of Arthurian Sovereignty through:
1. Cosmological Epochs
2. Species‑Memory Strata
3. Catastrophic Resets
4. Proto‑Civilisational Cultures
5. “Celtic” Mythic Inheritance
4. Provide Conceptual Bridge between III.A (Methodology) and III.C–J (Civilisational Clocks)
2. Cosmological Sovereignty Layer (100,000+ years)
1. First Memory‑Bearers
1. Proto‑Symbolic Ancestors
2. First Sky‑Watchers, Navigators, and Law‑Givers
3. Origins of Sacral Kingship as Cosmic Mediation
2. Proto‑Cosmological Kingship
1. World‑Age Rulers
2. Cycles of Renewal and Dissolution
3. Archetype of Returning King
4. Earliest Template for Rex Quondam, Rexque Futurus
3. Species‑Memory Layer (50,000–20,000 BC)
1. Encounters with Precursor Lineages
1. Giants → Denisovan/Harbin Memory
2. Small Folk → Homo floresiensis Echoes
3. Shining Ones → Cognitively Distinct or Hybrid Elites
4. Watchers → Nocturnal or High‑Altitude Archaic Populations
2. Hybrid Memory Structures
1. Liminal Beings (Merlin Archetype)
2. Interbreeding, Coexistence, Conflict
3. Symbolic Phenotypes preserved in “Celtic” and Brythonic Myth
3. Otherworld as Species‑Memory
1. Annwn
2. Tir na nÓg
3. Avalon
4. Memory of Parallel or Precursor Hominin Worlds
4. Catastrophic Layer (12,900–9,000 BC)
1. Younger Dryas Reset
1. Sky‑fall
2. Fire
3. Darkness
4. Freezing
5. Collapse of Earlier Cultures
6. Population Bottlenecks and Migrations
2. Survivors and Rebuilders
1. Origin of Wasteland Motif
2. Broken King and Dolorous Stroke
3. Grail as a Symbolic Technology of Restoration
3. Britain’s Role in Post‑Catastrophe World
1. Atlantic Refugia
2. Early Ritual Landscapes
3. Continuity of Sky‑Knowledge
5. Atlantic Megalithic Layer (6,000–3,000 BC)
1. Builders of Ritual Landscape
1. Stone Circles, Solstitial Alignments, Precessional Markers
2. Proto‑Grail Vessels (Stone Basins, Offering Pits)
3. Sword‑Stone Symbolism as Sky‑Axis Encoding
2. First Sovereigns of the Island
1. Megalithic Kingship as Cosmic Mediation
2. Earliest Form of Pendragon Role
3. Transmission of Astronomical Knowledge
3. Continuity into “Celtic” Memory
1. How Tuatha Dé Danann inherit Megalithic Symbolism
2. How Arthurian Motifs descend from this Layer
6. Brythonic–“Celtic” Layer (3,000–1,000 BC)
1. Shining Ones (Tuatha Dé Danann)
1. Culture‑Bringers
2. Sky‑People
3. Bearers of Lost Knowledge Systems
2. Sovereignty Figures
1. Nuada (Wounded King)
2. Lugh (Solar King)
3. Brân (Giant‑King)
4. Rhiannon (Sovereignty Goddess)
3. Transmission to Cymry
1. Mythic Kingship
2. Ritual Sovereignty
3. Grail‑Cauldron Continuum
7. Cymric Sovereignty Line (1,000 BC–AD 500)
1. Pendragon Line
1. Dragon‑Standard as Sky‑Symbol
2. Continuity of Sacral Kingship
3. Integration of “Celtic”, Megalithic, and Deep‑Time Motifs
2. Britain as Sacred Geography
1. Island of the Mighty
2. Axial Role of Britain in World‑Age Transitions
3. Land‑King Symbiosis
8. Arthur as Terminal King of Deep Cycle (5th–6th Century AD)
1. Arthur as Last Sacral King
1. Final Inheritor of Deep‑Time Sovereignty Lineage
2. Embodiment of Cosmic Kingship in Historical Time
2. Once and Future King
1. Return Motif as Cosmological Cycle
2. Arthur as Hinge between Ages
3. Restoration of Logres as World‑Renewal
9. Summary: Lineage of Logres in “One Line”
1. First Memory‑Bearers →
2. → Proto‑Cosmological Kings →
3. → Precursor Lineages →
4. → Younger Dryas Survivors →
5. → Atlantic Megalithic Navigators →
6. → Shining Ones →
7. → Cymry →
8. → Pendragon Line →
9. → Arthur
3. Earliest “date” on the “Proto-Hindu” (*Bharatan/Ariánic/“Vedic”(/Manasarovar/mind-lake) Ancient Indus Valley) calendar
   1. c 155,519,999,998,000‬ BC ≈ 155,520,000,000,000 BC ≈ 156 Trillion BC
   2. Normalised to c 11,963,076,922,923 BC ≈ 11,963,000,000,000 BC ≈ 12 Trillion BC
4. Earliest “date” on the “Proto-Slavic” (Proto-Orianian/Borusian/Skolotian/Cimmerian) calendar
   1. c 1,499,998,000‬ BC ≈ 1,500,000,000 BC = 1.5 Billion BC
   2. Normalised to c 115,384,462 BC ≈ 115,000,000 BC = 115 Million BC
5. *Earliest emergence “date” for “Aratta” (Cucuteni/Tryphillia)
1. c 1,021,800 BC ≈ 1,022,000 BC = 1.022 Million BC
2. Normalised to c 26,200 BC
6. Earliest “date” on the “Sumerian” calendar
1. <337,718 BC> ≈ 338,000 BC (beginning of “Atlantis”)
1. WB-444 (Sumerian vertically inscribed prism): 340,685 BC
2. WB-62 (Sumerian clay tablet): 490,685 BC
3. Berossus (Babylonian): 466,685 BC
4. Stephen Herbert Langdon (quoting an 8th Century AD Chinese source): 432,000 BC
5. Beginning of Homo naledi as a separate species: c 298,000 BC
6. Beginning of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis as a separate sub-species: c 294,000 BC
7. Beginning of Homo floresiensis as a separate species/sub-species: c 290,000 BC
8. Beginning of Cro-Magnon (Early European Modern Humans) as a separate species: c 248,000 BC
9. Beginning of Denisovans as a separate species/sub-species: c 244,000 BC
10. End of an “Ice Age”: c 335,000 BC
11. Present Author’s Calculation: 275,848 BC
2. Normalised to <25,978 BC> ≈ 26,000 BC
3. Corresponds to the beginning of the reign of Alulim (Al-lulim, Alorus) of Eridu (Babylon)
1. Duration of <40,200 years>
1. WB-444 (Sumerian vertically inscribed prism): 28,800 years
2. WB-62 (Sumerian clay tablet): 67,200 years
3. Berossus (Babylonian): 36,000 years
4. Present Author’s Calculation: 28,800 years
2. Normalised to <3,092 years>
7. Date for the first of multiple floods (end of “Lemuria”, first cataclysm of “Atlantis”)
1. <35,843 BC> ≈ 36,000 BC
1. WB-444 (Sumerian vertically inscribed prism): 34,361 BC
2. Nippur Tablet B (Sumerian) : 30,606 BC
3. Berossus (Babylonian): 35,335 BC
4. Turin Papyrus (Egyptian): 39,720 BC
5. End of Satya/Krita Yuga (Hindu): 36,881 BC
6. End of Lemurians: 36,735/36,881 BC
7. End of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis as a separate sub-species: c 39,000 BC
8. End of Homo floresiensis as a separate species/sub-species: c 38,000 BC
9. End of Denisovans as a separate species/sub-species: c 37,000 BC
10. End of a Virgo Epoch: 36,259 BC
11. Present Author’s Calculation: 34,648 BC
2. Normalised to <2,757 BC> ≈ 2,800 BC
3. Compared with the “Biblical Flood” date as “calculated” to be c 2,349 BC
8. Earliest “date” on the “Egyptian” calendar (end of “Hyperborea”)
1. <30,921 BC> ≈ 31,000 BC
1. Turin Papyrus (Egyptian): <82,557 BC>
2. Manetho (Egyptian): 28,025 BC
3. Beginning of “First Sun” (Aztec/Nahua): 21,142 BC
4. End of Hyperboreans who moved from Lemuria to Hyperborea: 23,835/23,921 BC
5. Beginning of Haplogroup X (mtDNA): c 28,000 BC
6. End of a Gemini Epoch: 30,261 BC
7. Beginning of Last “Ice Age”: c 27,000 BC
8. Nippur Tablet B (Sumerian) : 20,727 BC
9. Present Author’s Calculation: 23,739 BC
2. Normalised to <10,686 BC> ≈ 11,000 BC
3. Corresponds to the beginning of the reign of Ptah
1. Duration of 9,000 years
2. Normalised to 692 years
9. Beginning of Younger Dryas (second cataclysm of “Atlantis”)
1. <11,156 BC> ≈ 11,200 BC
1. Berossus (Babylonian): 11,266 BC
2. Manetho (Egyptian): 11,053 BC
3. Beginning of Sothic Cycles Calendar (Egyptian): 11,542 BC
4. Solar Eclipse: 29 August 11,542 BC
5. Beginning of Lunar Calendar (Assyrian): 11,542 BC
6. End of Atlanteans: 10,947/10,961 BC
7. End of a Virgo Epoch: 10,471 BC
8. Marco M Vigato’s Calculation: 10,983 BC
9. Massive Cometary Strike: c 11,000 BC
10. Beginning of “Third Sun” (Aztec/Nahua): 11,132 BC
11. End of Last “Ice Age”: c 12,000 BC
12. Planetary “Alignment”: 29 October 11,266 BC
13. Present Author’s Calculation: 10,471 BC
2. Normalised to <3,719 BC> ≈ 3,700 BC
10. Date for Fall of First Dynasty of Kish (final cataclysm of “Atlantis”)
1. <9,576 BC> ≈ 9,600 BC
1. WB-444 (Sumerian vertically inscribed prism): 9,851 BC
2. Nippur Tablet B (Sumerian) : 9,710 BC
3. Manetho (Egyptian): 8,913 BC
4. Papyrus of Abu Hormeis (Coptic): 9,220 BC
5. Bundahishn (Persian/Zoroastrian): 9,600 BC
6. Critias (Plato): 9,600 BC
7. Present Author’s Calculation: 10,138 BC
2. Normalised to <3,192 BC> ≈ 3,200 BC
4. The Keltoí, Keltai(s), Celtae, Celtiberi(ans), Celtici, Celtus, and “Modern Celts”
1. Introduction to The Keltoí, Keltai(s), Celtae, Celtiberi(ans), Celtici, Celtus, and “Modern Celts”
2. Gauls
1. Κελτοί/Keltoí/Γαλάται/Galatai/(Galatians)
2. Κελταί/Κέλται/Keltai(s)/(Ferries)
3. Celtae/Galli/(Galle)
3. Celtiberi(ans)
1. Lusones
2. Titi
3. Arevaci
4. Pelendones
4. Κελτικοί/Celtici
1. South of modern-day Portugal, in the Alentejo region, between the Tagus and the Guadiana rivers
2. Regions from Évora to Setúbal, being the coastal and southern areas occupied by the Turdetani
3. Region of Baeturia (northwestern Andalusia)
4. In the North, in Galicia, another group of Celtici dwelt the coastal areas; and comprised several populi, including the Celtici proper:
1. The Praestamarci south of the Tambre river (Tamaris), the Supertamarci north of it, and the Neri by the Celtic promontory (Promunturium Celticum)
2. Pomponius Mela affirmed that all the inhabitants of the coastal regions, from the bays of southern Galicia and till the Astures, were also Celtici:
1. “All (this coast) is inhabited by the Celtici, except from the Douro river to the bays, where the Grovi dwelt (…)
2. In the north coast first there are the Artabri, still of the Celtic people (Celticae gentis), and after them the Astures.”
3. He also mentioned the fabulous isles of tin, the Cassiterides, as situated among these Celtici
5. Κελτός/Κέλτος/Keltos/Kǽltos/Celtus
1. First-Century AD literary genealogy by Παρθένιος/Parthenios/Parthǽnios/Parthenius of Νίκαια/Níkaia/Nicaea
2. Son of Ήρακλής/Herakles/Hercules/Iraklís and Κελτίνη/Keltine/Kæltíni
3. Κελτίνη/Keltine/Kæltíni is the daughter of Βρεττανός/Brettanos/Brettanus/Vrættanós
6. “Modern Celts”
1. Introduction to “Modern Celts”
2. Origin
1. Romans used Celtae to refer to continental Gauls, but not in reference to the inhabitants of Ireland and Britain
2. No record of the term “Celt” being used prior to the 17th century AD in connection with the inhabitants of Ireland and Britain during the Iron Age
3. In AD 1707, the term “Celtic Languages” was coined by Edward Lhuyd
3. Languages (in literary date order)
1. Pictish — c AD 318 to c 11th Century AD
2. Breton — c AD 431 to Present
3. Irish — c AD 434 to Present
4. Welsh — c AD 454 to Present
5. Cornish — c AD 491 to AD 1800
6. Scottish — c AD 512 to Present
7. Manx — c AD 1600 to AD 1974
5. The History of Cornwall, Wales, and France
1. Introduction to The History of Cornwall, Wales, and France
2. The History of Cornwall
1. Introduction to The History of Cornwall
2. Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “Cornwall”, Five “Cornwalls”, and Additional Places Similar to Cornwall
1. Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “Cornwall”, Five “Cornwalls”, and Additional Places Similar to Cornwall
2. Meaning and Origin of the Name “Cornwall”
3. Existence of Five “Cornwalls”
1. Introduction to the Existence of Five “Cornwalls”
2. The Cornavii and Creones/Cerones/Carnonacae/Caereni
• Introduction to the Cornavii and Creones/Cerones/Carnonacae/Caereni
• In what is now Northern Scotland
• 1153 BC/AD 83 to AD 552/700
• Not too far from the Damnonii
• Not too far from the Votadini
• Portion of which became Lothian/Guotodin/Gododdin
• As Loenois/Lyonesse
• Prehistoric/Mythic era Cornavii
• Roman era Cornavii and Creones/Cerones/Carnonacae/Caereni
• Post-Roman era Cornavii and Creones/Cerones/Carnonacae/Caereni
• Early Post-Roman era Cornavii and Creones/Cerones/Carnonacae/Caereni
• Middle Post-Roman era Cornavii and Creones/Cerones/Carnonacae/Caereni
• Late Post-Roman era Cornavii and Creones/Cerones/Carnonacae/Caereni
• Early Mediæval era Cornavii and Creones/Cerones/Carnonacae/Caereni
3. “Cornwall”
• Introduction to “Cornwall”
• Cornovii/Cornubia/Corniu/Cernieu/Cerniw/Kerniw/Kernow
• Kerniw/Kernow/Kornoval/(West Wales)/Cornwales/(Welsh of the Horn)/Corn(e)well
• Corn(e)well/Cornovaglia/Corno(u)aille/Corn(e)waile/Corn(e)wall(e)
• 351 BC to AD 1066
• Next to (sometimes part of) Dumnonia
• Not too far from Powys
• Next to the Isles of Scilly (as Lyonesse/Liones)
• Prehistoric/Mythic era Cornovii — 4000 BC (351 BC) to AD 43
• 4000 BC — Cornish Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age structures
• Chûn Quoit
• Boscawen-Un
• Chysauster Ancient Village
• First Cornish hedges
• 2150/2000 BC
• “Mining in Cornwall has existed from the early Bronze Age
    and it is thought that Cornwall was visited by metal traders
    from the eastern Mediterranean. It has been suggested that
    the Cassiterides or ‘Tin Islands’ as recorded by Herodotus
    in 445 BC may have referred to the Scilly Islands and Cornwall
    as when first discovered were both thought to have been islands.”
• 1600 BC — Cornwall experiences a trade boom
• Driven by the export of tin
• Across Europe
• 750 BC — The Iron Age reaches Cornwall
• Permitting greater scope of agriculture
• Through the use of new iron ploughs and axes
• 351 BC — The Cornovii emerge as a distinct people
• 330/320 BC — Pytheas of Massilia/Marseilles
• A Greek merchant and explorer
       — Circumnavigated the British Isles between c 330 BC and 320 BC
       — Produced the first written record of the islands
• He described the Cornish as
       — Civilised
       — Skilled farmers
       — Usually peaceable
       — Formidable in war
• 60 BC — Greek historian Diodorus Siculus
• Named Cornwall “Belerion”
• “The Shining Land”
• The first recorded place name in the British Isles
• 43 BC — First attempted invasion of British Mainland by Julius Caesar
• Over the next century
• The Romans came to rule Cornwall
• As part of Dumnonia
• AD 43 — Claudian invasion of Britain begins
• Roman control of Cornwall comes much later
• But at an uncertain date
• Roman era Cornovii/Cornubia/Cornyw/Corniu/Cernieu/Cerniw/Kerniw/Kernow — AD 43 to AD 410
• AD 43 — Claudian invasion of Britain begins
• Roman control of Cornwall comes much later
• But at an uncertain date
• AD 55 to AD 60 — Construction of Nanstallon Roman fort near Bodmin
• One of only a few Roman sites in Cornwall
• Roman villa at Magor Farm near Camborne occupied
• AD 360 and after – various Germanic peoples came to Roman Britain
• Raiders
• Roman armies recruited from among German tribes
• Authorised settlers, such as Aelle of Sussex
• AD 400 — Cornwall’s native name (Kernow) appeared on record
  
  • The Ravenna Cosmography
    
  • Compiled c AD 700 from Roman material 300 years older
    
  • Lists a route running westward into Cornwall
    
  • On this route is a place then called Durocornovio
         — Latinised from British “Celtic”
         — duno-Cornouio-n “Fortress of the Cornish people”
         — In Latin, ‘V’ was pronounced as a ‘W’
         — The fortress name refers to Tintagel(?)
• AD 410 — Emperor Honorius recalls the last legions from Britain
• There is some uncertainty
• Some say that this “rescript” refers not to Britannia/Britain
• But to Bruttium/Britain in Italy
• Post-Roman era Cornyw/Corniu/Cernieu/Cerniw/Kerniw/Kernow — AD 410 to AD 550
• Early Post-Roman era Cornyw/Corniu/Cernieu/Cerniw/Kerniw/Kernow — AD 410 to AD 477
  
  • AD 410 — Emperor Honorius recalls the last legions from Britain
         — There is some uncertainty
         — Some say that this “rescript” refers not to Britannia/Britain
         — But to Bruttium/Britain in Italy
  • AD 433 — The Britons call the Angles/Angli
         — To come and help them as mercenaries
         — Against the Picts
  • c AD 446 — The “Groans of the Britons” last appeal
         — Possibly to the Consul Aetius
         — For the Roman army to come back to Britain
  • Mid-5th century AD
         — First waves of settlers from Cornwall, and Devon
         — Go to Brittany
• Middle Post-Roman era Cornyw/Corniu/Cernieu/Cerniw/Kerniw/Kernow — AD 477 to AD 523
  
  • Late-5th century AD
         — King Mark, of Tristan and Isolde fame, probably ruled during this period
         — According to Cornish folklore, Mark held court at Tintagel
         — King Salomon, father of Saint Cybi, ruled after Mark
  • AD 490 to AD 510
         — Likely range of dates for the Battle of Mons Badonicus
         — In which Romano-British “Celts”
         — Defeated an invading Anglo-Saxon army
  • c AD 491 — Cornish written language emerges
  • AD 500 — The Kingdom of Cornwall emerged c 6th century AD
         — Which included the tribes of the Dumnonii
         — And the Cornish Cornovii (as opposed to those who were from what is now the Midlands)
         — Origins of the Kingdom of Wessex are also in this period
• Late Post-Roman era Cornyw/Corniu/Cernieu/Cerniw/Kerniw/Kernow — AD 523 to AD 550
• AD 535/536 — Extreme weather events cause European famine
• After AD 540s — Plague of Justinian, affected all of Europe
• Early Mediæval era Kerniw/Kernow/Kornoval/(West Wales)/Cornwales/(Welsh of the Horn)/Corn(e)well — AD 550 to AD 871
• AD 577 — Battle of Deorham Down near Bristol
  
  • Results in the separation of the West Welsh (the Cornish)
  • From the Welsh
  • By the advance of the Saxons
  • The earliest Cornish saints systematically convert Cornwall
  • To Christianity, a considerable period before the conversion
  • Of the Anglo-Saxon peoples
  • Of England (the territory east of the River Tamar)
  • According to tradition
         — These early monastic foundations
         — Were made by Christian preachers
         — Or Christian Druids from other “Celtic” lands
    
    •      Mainly Ireland (as in the cases of Saint Piran and Saint Gwinear)
           Wales (as in the case of Saint Petroc and the Children of Brychan)
           And Brittany (as in the case of Saint Mylor)
• AD 664 — The Synod of Whitby
• Determines that England
• Is again an ecclesiastical province of Rome
• With its formal structure of dioceses and parishes
• The Celtic Church in Dumnonia
       — Is not party to the decision
       — And the Cornish Church remains monastic in nature
• AD 682 — Centwine, King of Wessex
• Drove the Britons of the West at the sword’s point as far as the sea
• This resulted in the West Saxon occupation
• Of the north-eastern district of Cornwall
• Even today several Saxon place names are found in that area
       — Widemouth (wid)
       — Canworthy (worthig)
       — Crackington Haven (hæfen)
       — Otterham (hamm)
• AD 710 — Battle of Lining
• Probably between the rivers Lynher and Tamar
• Resulted from King Geraint of Cornwall’s refusal
• To allow the Celtic church to follow the call of the English church
       — Which was perhaps 300 years younger
       — To conform to the standards of Rome
• The battle was fought against
       — The West Saxon King Ine
       — And his kinsman, Nonna
• AD 722 — Battle of Hehil
• The Cornish Britons together with their friends and allies
• Push back a West-Saxon offensive at “Hehil”
• Unlocated, but probably somewhere in modern Devon
• AD 807 — Unsuccessful Cornish alliance with Danes
• AD 815 — The Anglo Saxon Chronicle states
• “& þy geare gehergade Ecgbryht cyning on West Walas from easteweardum oþ westewearde.”
•    ...and in this year king Ecgbryht harried on West Wales [Cornwall] from east to west.
• AD 825 — The Battle of Gafulforda
• At an uncertain location
• Thought to be Galford, near Lewdown in West Devon
• The Anglo Saxon Chronicle only states
• “The Wealas (Cornish)
    and the Defnas (men of Devon)
    fought at Gafalforda.”
• AD 838 — Battle of Hingston Down
• The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that the Cornish
• In alliance with the Danes
• Were defeated by Egbert of Wessex at “Hengestesdun”
• Generally considered to be Hingston Down in eastern Cornwall
• True Mediæval era Corn(e)well/Cornovaglia/Corno(u)aille/Corn(e)waile/Corn(e)wall(e) — AD 871 to AD 1485 (AD 1066)
• AD 875 — King Dungarth (Donyarth)
• Of Cerniu (“id est Cornubiae”)
• Drowns in what is thought to be the River Fowey
• AD 880s — the Church in Cornwall
• Is having more Saxon priests appointed to it
• They control some church estates like
       — Polltun/Pawton
       — Caellwic/Celliwig/Kellywick
       — And Landwithan/Lawhitton
• Eventually they passed these over to Wessex kings
• According to Alfred the Great’s will
       — The amount of land he owned
       — In Cornwall
       — Was very small
• Late 9th century AD — The earliest(?) known example of written Cornish
• Is a gloss in a late 9th century Latin manuscript
• Of De Consolatione Philosophiae by Boethius
• Which used the words “ud rocashaas”
• The phrase means “it (the mind) hated the gloomy places”
• AD 926 — The entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reads
  
  •  ...“This year fiery lights appeared in the north part of the heavens.
         And Sihtric perished:
         and king Aethelstan obtained the kingdom of the North-humbrians.
         And he ruled all the kings who were in this island:
                   first, Huwal king of the West-Welsh (Cornish);
                   and Constantine king of the Scots;
                   and Uwen king of the people of Guent;
                   and Ealdred, son of Ealdulf, of Bambrough:
         and they confirmed the peace
                   by pledge
                   and by oaths
                   at the place which is called Eamot
                   on the 4th of the ides of July [12 July]
                   and they renounced all idolatry
                   and after that submitted to him in peace”
• AD 927 — Athelstan (as said by William of Malmesbury c AD 1120)
• Evicted the Cornish from Exeter and perhaps the rest of Devon
• “Exeter was cleansed of its defilement by wiping out that filthy race”
• The area inside the city walls still known today as ‘Little Britain’
       — Is the quarter where most of the Cornish Romano-British aristocracy had their town houses
       — From which the Cornish were expelled
• Under Athelstan’s statutes
       — It eventually became unlawful for any Cornishman to own land
       — Lawful for any Englishman to kill any Cornishman (or woman or child)
• AD 928 — It is thought that the Cornish King Huwal
• “King of the West Welsh”
• Was one of several kings
       — Who signed a treaty
       — With Aethelstan of Wessex
       — At Egmont Bridge
• AD 930 — Armes Prydein, (Prophecy of Britain)
• This early Welsh poem mentions ‘Cornyw’
• The “Celtic” name for Cornwall
• It foretells that the Welsh
       — Together with Cornwall, Brittany, Ireland and Cumbria
       — Would expel the English from Britain
• This poem also demonstrates
       — Any early allegiance
       — Between the “Celtic” people of Britain
• AD 936 — Athelstan fixed Cornwall’s eastern boundary
• As the east bank
• Of the Tamar
• There is no record of Athelstan taking his campaigns into Cornwall
• It seems probable that Huwal, King of the Cornish
       — Agreed to pay tribute
       — Thus avoiding further attacks
       — And maintaining a high degree of autonomy
• Prior to this the West Saxons had pushed their frontier
       — Across the Tamar as far west as the River Lynher
       — But this was only temporary
       — It was long enough for Saxon settlement and land charters
       — To influence our modern day inheritance of placenames
  
  •          between Lynher and Tamar
             there are today many more English
             than Cornish place names
             as is also the case in that other debatable land
             between Ottery and Tamar in north Cornwall
• AD 944 — Athelstan’s successor
• Edmund I of England
• Styled himself “King of the English and ruler of this province of the Britons”
• AD 981 — The Vikings
• Lay waste “Petroces stow” (probably Padstow)
• According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
• AD 986 — Olaf Tryggvason allegedly visits the Isles of Scilly
• AD 997 — The Dartmoor town of Lydford
• Near the Cornish/Wessex border
• Just east of the Tamar
• Completely destroyed by an angry mob of Danish Vikings
• The surprise attack on Lydford is ordered
       — By the King of Denmark
       — And Viking leader Sweyn Forkbeard
• Lydford was believed to be impregnable against Viking attack
• Cornwall is left alone
       — As Sweyn Forkbeard has no intention of crushing Cornwall
       — Unlike Wessex
• AD 1013 — Cornwall’s enemy and Anglo-Saxon neighbour, Wessex
• Crushed and conquered by a Danish army
• Under the leadership of the Viking leader
• And King of Denmark Sweyn Forkbeard
• Sweyn annexes Wessex to his Viking empire which includes
       — Denmark
       — Norway
• He does not annex Cornwall, Wales, and Scotland
       — Allowing these “client nations” self-rule
       — In return for an annual payment of tribute or “danegeld”
• AD 1014-1035 — The Kingdoms of Cornwall, Wales, and much of Scotland and Ireland
• Were not included in the territories
• Of King Canute the Great
• AD 1016 — Famine throughout Europe
• AD 1066 — Norman Conquest brings many Bretons into Cornwall
• The Cornish and Breton languages are mutually intelligible at this point
• According to William of Worcester
       — Writing in the Fifteenth Century AD
       — Cadoc
•       The last survivor of the Cornish royal line
        at the time of the Norman Conquest
• William the Conqueror
     — May have granted Cornwall
     — To Brian of Brittany
4. The Cornovii
• Introduction to the Cornovii
• In what is now the Midlands
• AD 47 to AD 460
• Not too far from Dumnonia
• Next to the Ordovices (a porton of which became Powys)
• Roman era Cornovii
• Early Post-Roman era Cornovii
5. The Cernyw/Glywyssing/(Mid-South Wales)/(Gwynllg & Edeligion, Penychen & Gorfynedd)/Morgannwg/Glamorgan
• Introduction to the Cernyw/Glywyssing/(Mid-South Wales)/(Gwynllg & Edeligion, Penychen & Gorfynedd)/Morgannwg/Glamorgan
• AD 383 to AD 1093
• Near to Dumnonia
• Near to Powys
• Roman era Cernyw/Glywyssing/(Mid-South Wales)
• Post-Roman era Cernyw/Glywyssing/(Mid-South Wales)
• Early Post-Roman era Cernyw/Glywyssing/(Mid-South Wales)
• Middle Post-Roman era Cernyw/Glywyssing/(Mid-South Wales)/(Gwynllg & Edeligion, Penychen & Gorfynedd)
• Late Post-Roman era (Gwynllg & Edeligion, Penychen & Gorfynedd)/Glywyssing
• Early Mediæval era (Gwynllg & Edeligion, Penychen & Gorfynedd)/Glywyssing
• True Mediæval era Glywyssing
6. The Cornouaille/Kerne(v)
• Introduction to the Cornouaille/Kerne(v)
• In what is now Brittany
• AD 387 to AD 1093
• Near to Domnonia
• Next to Poher
• Next to Léon (Leonais as Lyonesse)
• Roman era Cornouaille/Kerne(v)
• Post-Roman era Cornouaille/Kerne(v)
• Early Post-Roman era Cornouaille/Kerne(v)
• Middle Post-Roman era Cornouaille/Kerne(v)
• Late Post-Roman era Cornouaille/Kerne(v)
• Early Mediæval era Cornouaille/Kerne(v)
• True Mediæval era Cornouaille/Kerne(v)
4. Comparison of Other Places to “Cornwall”
3. Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of “Cornwall”
1. Geography of “Cornwall”
2. Genealogy of “Cornwall”
3. Timeline of “Cornwall”
3. The History of Wales
1. Introduction to The History of Wales
2. Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “Wales”, Multiple “Wales”, and Additional Places Similar to Wales
1. Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “Wales”, Multiple “Wales”, and Additional Places Similar to Wales
2. Meaning and Origin of The Name “Wales”
1. Veales
2. Weal(h)a(s)
3. Waleis
3. Existence of Multiple “Wales”
1. Introduction to the Existence of Multiple “Wales”
2. North Wales — Cymru
• Damnonii
• Alt Clut/Alt Clud/Strathclyde-Cumbria
• Votadini/(Manau Guotodin)
3. South Wales
• Non-Cymru
• Indigenous Peoples in what is now the Whole of Wales
4. Comparison of Other Places to Wales
3. Prehistoric/Mythic era Wales
1. Neanderthals — from c 228,000 BC
2. Homo sapiens — from c 31,000 BC
3. Continuous habitation by Modern Humans — from c 9,000 BC onward
4. Roman era Wales/Cymru — AD 48 to AD 383
1. AD 48 — The Roman conquest of Wales began
2. AD 78 — Roman conquest completed
3. AD 383 — Roman rule ended
5. Post-Roman era Wales/Cymru — AD 383 to AD 550
1. AD 383 — Magnus Maximus declares himself Emperor
2. AD 410 — The Roman garrison of Britain was withdrawn
6. Early Mediæval era Wales/Cymru — AD 550 to AD 871
7. True Mediæval era Wales — AD 871 to AD 1485
1. Wales/Cymru — AD 871 to AD 1050
2. Princes of Wales — AD 1050 to AD 1289
3. English Princes of Wales — AD 1289 to AD 1485
8. Early Modern era Wales — AD 1485 to AD 1624
1. English Princes of Wales — AD 1485 to AD 1523
2. True Early Modern era Wales — AD 1523 to AD 1624
9. Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of Wales
1. Geography of Wales
2. Genealogy of Wales
3. Timeline of Wales
4. The History of France
1. Introduction to The History of France
2. Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “France”, Another Kind of “France”, and Additional Places Similar to France
1. Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “France”, Another Kind of “France”, and Additional Places Similar to France
2. Meaning and Origin of the Name “France”
3. Existence of Another Kind of “France”
1. Introduction to the Existence of Another Kind of “France”
2. Vannetais/Briezh (what is now Brittany)
3. Non-Briezh (the remainder of Gaul)
• Belgae
• Aquitani
4. Comparison of Other Places to France
3. Roman era Gaul
4. Post-Roman era Gaul/France
1. Early Post-Roman era Gaul/France
2. Middle Post-Roman era France
3. Late Post-Roman era France
5. Early Mediæval era France
6. True Mediæval era France
7. Early Modern era France
8. Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of France
1. Geography of France
2. Genealogy of France
3. Timeline of France
6. The History of The Saxons, Romans, Picts, Scots, and The Irish
1. Introduction to The History of The Saxons, Romans, Picts, Scots, and The Irish
2. The History of The “Saxons”
1. Introduction to The History of The “Saxons”
2. Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “Saxon”, Migrations of The “Saxons”, and Additional Peoples Compared to The “Saxons”
1. Introduction to The Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “Saxon”, Migrations of The “Saxons”, and Additional Peoples Compared to The “Saxons”
2. Meaning and Origin of the Name “Saxon”
3. Migrations of The “Saxons”
1. Introduction to The Migrations of The “Saxons”
2. The Angles/Angli
3. The Saxons
4. The Jutes/Iuti/Iutæ
5. The (Herulo-/Erila-)Frisians
4. Comparison of Other Peoples to The “Saxons”
3. Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of The “Saxons”
1. Geography of The “Saxons”
1. Introduction to The Geography of The “Saxons”
2. Geography of The Angles/Angli
3. Geography of The Saxons
4. Geography of The Jutes/Iuti/Iutæ
5. Geography of The (Herulo-/Erila-)Frisians
2. Genealogy of The “Saxons”
1. Introduction to The Genealogy of The “Saxons”
2. Genealogy of The Angles/Angli
3. Genealogy of The Saxons
4. Genealogy of The Jutes/Iuti/Iutæ
5. Genealogy of The (Herulo-/Erila-)Frisians
3. Timeline of The “Saxons”
1. Introduction to The Timeline of The “Saxons”
2. Timeline of The Angles/Angli
3. Timeline of The Saxons
4. Timeline of The Jutes/Iuti/Iutæ
5. Timeline of The (Herulo-/Erila-)Frisians
3. The History of The Romans
1. Introduction to The History of The Romans
2. Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “Roman”, Roman Settlements, and Roman-related Peoples
1. Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “Roman”, Roman Settlements, and Roman-related Peoples
2. Meaning and Origin of the Name “Roman”
3. Settlements of The Romans
4. Comparison of Other Peoples to The Romans
3. Roman era Britain — AD 43 to AD 421
1. Introduction to Roman era Britain — AD 43 to AD 421
2. AD 43 to AD 46
3. AD 47 to AD 61
4. AD 62 to AD 69
5. AD 70 to AD 79
6. AD 80 to AD 88
7. AD 89
8. AD 90 to AD 200
9. AD 201 to AD 366
10. AD 367 to AD 378
1. AD 367 – The Consulship of Lupicinus and Jovinus
11. AD 379 to AD 381
1. AD 379 – The Consulship of Ausonius and Olybrius (Year 1 of Gratian as Augustus)
12. AD 382 to AD 409
13. AD 410 to AD 421
4. Post-Roman era Britain — AD 421 to AD 579
1. Early Post-Roman era Britain — AD 421 to AD 477
1. Introduction to Early Post-Roman era Britain — AD 421 to AD 477
2. AD 421 to AD 425
• AD 421 – The Consuls Eustathius and Agricola (Year 13 of the Augustus Honorius)
3. AD 426 to AD 430
4. AD 431 to AD 449
• AD 431 - The Consulship of Bassus and Antiochus (The Council of Ephesus: Mary is declared Theotokos, Mother of God)
• AD 441 - The consulship of Cyrus (Year 19 of the Augustus Theodosius II)
• AD 446 - The consuls Aetius and Symmachus (Year 23 of Theodosius II as Augustus)
5. AD 450 to AD 470
• AD 450 - The Consulship of Valentinian and Abienus (Year 1 of Valentinian III as Augustus)
• AD 451 – The Consulship of Marcian and Adelfius (The Council of Ephesus proclaims the dual nature of Christ, and affirms Mary as Mother of God)
6. AD 471 to AD 474
7. AD 475
8. AD 476 to AD 477
2. Middle Post-Roman era Britain — AD 477 to AD 523
1. Introduction to Middle Post-Roman era Britain — AD 477 to AD 523
2. AD 477 to AD 484
3. AD 485 to AD 486
4. AD 487 to AD 499
5. AD 500
6. AD 501 to AD 509
7. AD 510 to AD 511
8. AD 512 to AD 516
9. AD 517 to AD 523
• By AD 521, Cerdic had emerged as the clear leader of the Saxons who landed at Cerdicesora
3. Late Post-Roman era Britain — AD 523 to AD 579
1. Introduction to Late Post-Roman era Britain — AD 523 to AD 550
2. AD 523 to AD 524
3. AD 525
4. AD 526 to AD 529
5. AD 530 to AD 534
6. AD 535
7. AD 536 to AD 537
8. AD 538 to AD 539
9. AD 540 to AD 549
• AD 540 – The Consulship of Justinus
10. AD 550 to AD 553
11. AD 554 to AD 569
• AD 554 - Salisbury (two armies, Saxon and British, faced one another in the summer sunshine of what is now Wiltshire)
12. AD 570 to AD 579
• AD 570 - Battle of Deorum
• AD 573 - Battle of Arfderydd
5. Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of The Romans
1. Geography of The Romans
2. Genealogy of The Romans
3. Timeline of The Romans
4. The History of The Picts
1. Introduction to The History of The Picts
2. Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “Pict”, Pict Settlements, and Pict-related Peoples
1. Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “Pict”, Pict Settlements, and Pict-related Peoples
2. Meaning and Origin of the Name “Pict”
1. Qritani/Cru(i)th(i)n(i)/Cruithne
2. Πρετ(τ)αν(ν)οί/Pret(t)an(n)oi/Prettanikē/Pretani/(painted ones)/Pritani/Priteni
3. Prydyn/Prydain
4. Βρίττωνες/Brittones/Brit(t)anni
5. Pixti/Pexti/Picti/(painted ones)/Peohtas
6. Albidosi
3. Settlements of The “Picts”
1. Picti
• Caledonii
• Cornavii
• Decantae
• Epidii
• Lugi
• Smertae
• Taexali
• Vacomagi
2. Iverni
3. Pictones/Pictavii
4. Comparison of Other Peoples to The Picts
3. Prehistoric/Mythic era “Picts” — c 898,000 BC to AD 43
1. First Human Inhabitants (Homo antecessor) — c 898,000 BC
2. Homo heidelbergensis — c 498,000 BC
3. Very Early Neanderthals — c 398,000 BC
4. Classic Neanderthals — c 223,000 BC
5. Neanderthal occupation of Britain — c 178,000 BC to c 58,000 BC
6. Human/Neanderthal Hybrids (Homo sapiens) occupied Britain — c 38,000 BC
7. Neolithic culture — c 4000 BC
8. “Beaker” Folk — c 2500 BC
9. Kings of the Picts — 1153 BC to AD 43
4. Roman era Kings of The Picts — AD 43 to AD 410
5. Post-Roman era Kings of The Picts — AD 410 to AD 550
6. Early Mediæval era Picts — AD 550 to AD 850
1. Kings of the Picts — AD 550 to AD 552
2. Pictlands
1. North Pictland — AD 552 to AD 697
2. South Pictland — AD 552 to AD 697
3. United Pictland — AD 697 to AD 850
7. Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of The Picts
1. Geography of The Picts
2. Genealogy of The Picts
3. Timeline of The Picts
5. The History of The Scots
1. Introduction to The History of The Scots
2. Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “Scot”, Scot Settlements, and Scot-related Peoples
1. Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “Scot”, Scot Settlements, and Scot-related Peoples
2. Meaning and Origin of the Name “Scot”
3. Settlements of The Scots
4. Comparison of Other Peoples to The Scots
3. Post-Roman era Scots — AD 474 to AD 550
1. Early Post-Roman era Scots
1. Kings of Dalriada/(Dál Riata)/(Dæl Reoda)
2. AD 474 to AD 477
2. Middle Post-Roman era Scots
1. Kings of Dalriada/(Dál Riata)/(Dæl Reoda)
2. AD 477 to AD 523
3. Late Post-Roman era Scots
1. Kings of Dalriada/(Dál Riata)/(Dæl Reoda)
2. AD 523 to AD 550
4. Early Mediæval era Scots — AD 550 to AD 871
1. Kings of Dalriada/(Dál Riata)/(Dæl Reoda) — AD 550 to AD 850
2. Kings of Scotland — Kings of Scots and Picts
1. House of Alpin
2. AD 850 to AD 871
5. True Mediæval era Scots — Kings of Scotland
1. House of Alpin — AD 871 to AD 1034
2. House of Atholl — AD 1034 to AD 1040
3. House of Alpin — AD 1040 to AD 1058
4. House of Atholl/Canmore — AD 1058 to AD 1292
5. House of Balliol — AD 1292 to AD 1304
6. House of Bruce — AD 1304 to AD 1371
7. House of Stewart — AD 1371 to AD 1485
6. Early Modern era Scots — House of Stewart
1. Kings of Scotland — AD 1485 to AD 1603
2. Under English rule — AD 1603 to AD 1635
7. Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of The Scots
1. Geography of The Scots
2. Genealogy of The Scots
3. Timeline of The Scots
6. The History of The Irish
1. Introduction to The History of The Irish
2. Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “Irish”, Irish Settlements, and Irish-related Peoples
1. Introduction to the Meaning, Origin, Existence, and Comparison:
        The Name “Irish”, Irish Settlements, and Irish-related Peoples
2. Meaning and Origin of the Name “Irish”
3. Settlements of The Irish
4. Comparison of Other Peoples to The Irish
3. Prehistoric/Mythic era Irish — 9500 BC to AD 43
1. Very First Inhabitants — 9500 BC
2. Daughters of Delbáeth/Bith/Bitu/(world/life/age) and his wife Ernmas/Birren
1. Banb(h)a/(Ces(s)air/Ceasair/Kesair), wife of Fintán (son of Bóchra and Cuill)
2. (Fótla/Fódla/Fod(h)la)/(Ba(i)rr(fh)ind/Barrann/Burran(/Birren)), wife of Bith mac Cecht
3. (É(i)riu/Éire/Īwerjū/(fat land, fertile))/(Alba/Balva/(british)), wife of Ladra mac Gréine (grandson of the Dagda)
4. Sumerian
5. c 3065 BC
3. Partholán/Partholoim/Partholomus/Partholanians
1. Left Greece c 2760 BC
2. Arrived c 2753 BC
3. c 2751 BC, they encountered Fomorians
4. Lived until c 2603 BC
4. Fomóraigh/Fomorians
1. NonCeltiberian/Heavy Neanderthal admixture
2. High Kings of Ireland/Hieriyo
3. 2751 BC to 1287 BC
5. Nemed(ians)
1. Sumerian/Belgae admixture
2. Arrived c 2573 BC
3. c 2564 BC, most died of a plague
6. Fir Bolg/Firbolgs
   1. Belgae/former slaves to the Greeks
   2. High Kings of Ireland/Hieriyo
   3. 2334 BC to 1477 BC
7. Tuatha dé Danann
1. Oetzi/Belgae admixture
2. High Kings of Ireland/Hieriyo
3. 2334 BC to 1287 BC
8. Goídelic/Gaelic/Celtiberian/Milesian
1. Scythian
2. Moved to Egypt
3. Moved back to Scythia
4. Moved to Basque (Spain)
5. High Kings of Ireland/Hieriyo
6. 1287 BC to AD 43
4. Roman era Irish — AD 43 to AD 410
1. Goídelic/Gaelic/Celtiberian/Milesian
1. High Kings of Ireland
2. AD 43 to AD 368
2. Historical Ireland — AD 368 to AD 410
5. Post-Roman era Irish — AD 410 to AD 550
1. Historical Ireland
2. AD 410 to AD 550
6. Early Mediæval era Irish — AD 550 to AD 871
1. Historical Ireland
2. AD 550 to AD 871
7. True Mediæval era Irish — AD 871 to AD 1485
1. Historical Ireland — AD 871 to AD 1177/1183
2. Lordship and Kingdom of Ireland — AD 1177/1183 to AD 1485
8. Early Modern era Irish — Lordship and Kingdom of Ireland
1. AD 1485 to AD 1542
2. AD 1543 to AD 1635
9. Geography, Genealogy, and Timeline of The Irish
1. Geography of The Irish
2. Genealogy of The Irish
3. Timeline of The Irish